Meet Jeff · teacher · PhD historian · A curious nerd about things old and new—and someone who gets good at them.

Jeff Appelhans

Girl dad of four; grandpa to another. Odometer just rolled over into year twenty-nine with my high school sweetheart.I’m a teacher, a PhD historian of American political and religious culture, and a hands-on AI systems builder. For twenty-six years, I’ve worked in positions of public trust, helping people find and generate useful knowledge.I know America’s first 250 years, and I have a vision for protecting our liberties through the next 250.

Jeff Appelhans smiling in a blue shirt.

Everyone has a path that led them here. Mine led me to this moral obligation.

A teacher before a candidate

I earned my BA in history with secondary social studies certification at the University of Colorado at Boulder. I started teaching at my old junior high on my twenty-second birthday. Just twenty-four days later, 9/11 happened. A generation of Americans—whether Gen X, Oregon Trail (me), Xennial, or Millennial—afterward lived an experience where the previous world we knew, and the explanations that described how it could improve, no longer seemed true.

Three years later I was teaching at my old high school. As a James Madison Memorial Fellow, I earned an MA in history at the University of Colorado Colorado Springs in conjunction with Georgetown University’s James Madison Foundation Summer Institute on the Constitution. Through that course of study, I determined to become a scholar in my own right.

I “worked off” my Fellowship and in 2010 came to Delaware’s Land, Sea, and Space Grant university to work with its stars, not least the two Bancroft Prize winners on my committee. I earned my PhD in history there in 2018. I then taught two UD courses that inform this campaign: I supervised preservice teachers during student teaching, and I taught a well-received course on the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.

When I came to Delaware, my views were ordinary; the political ground has moved around them, as it has for us all.

My Colorado-purple politics hit an inflection point in 2016, and I planted my feet on my—and all Americans’—bedrock principles of classical republicanism and Lockean liberalism and a public sphere that acts as the sentinel of the people against the state. We need a government that assumes the worst of humanity and structures itself accordingly, even as it organizes the power for change; we should jealously guard our private person, too, against the intrusions and controls of the state. Speech and conscience matter. Privacy matters. Government needs limits, but democracy must also possess the power to help people flourish. The party label changed. My EFF-shaped, rights-first spine did not.

History as public work

I am a historian of American political and religious culture and its Atlantic antecedents, with particular expertise in constitutionalism and political philosophy. Since 2019, I have been at the American Philosophical Society in postdoctoral research and project roles spanning early American history, digital systems, and public education—from a massive bibliography of the American Enlightenment to America’s Scientific Revolutionaries for the nation’s 250th anniversary.

The National Endowment for the Humanities highlighted its yearlong (2021–22) support of my book project The Creation of American Catholicism: From the Revolution to the Early Republic, 1773–1844. No emoluments here, because good books take time to write—I’m trying to very delicately write the interior life of a free black girl, the niece of Venerable Pierre Toussaint, formerly of Haiti but more lately interred at St. Patrick’s in NYC, the church he helped build.

I’m like a beaver who can’t stand the sound of running water

I have an insatiable curiosity, deep memory, and a low tolerance for problems I think I can solve. When I arrived in 2019, I moved a copy-and-paste workflow into automation. By September 2024, I had determined our America 250 project would begin AI-native. By last winter, the tools and models were beginning to cohere in ways that by December were just new and different and sharp. That was when I finally bought the makings of a newer-than-2012 PC to complement my M3 Pro MBP.

Why I’m running

Alas, like many of you, I learned in January my life plan for the next three years changed: the project I was on got canceled. I licked my wounds for a month. I decided to see what I had in my 90 GB work file. At 3:11 a.m. on Feb. 13, a sick and stuffy Jeff opened Codex (now folded into ChatGPT). By 7:55, I had told my wife: it needs to be me, or somebody like me, in charge of this thing. By 9:44, I was sure we needed a universal basic income. I’m a historian. I already expected to record these events, to write about them. Instead, I started just taking screenshots to try to record the event.

The Applications window with Codex selected and a 3:11 a.m. timestamp.

About a week later we visited our Aspirant daughter at the Sisters of Saint John Bosco. Two men shattered that peace. As I detail in Foreign Entanglements & Global Solutions, it proved the general wisdom of Washington’s Farewell Address and its warning against entanglement abroad.

By the end of May—bullets in the air during a “ceasefire,” an odious 1.776 billion fund looming, continued genocide and a lack of will or independence to say “enough is enough,” and Pope Leo XIV’s AI encyclical, Magnifica Humanitas, declaring just-war theory outdated and insisting that technology answer to the human person rather than the mentality of force—I had fully worked myself up into the sense that I had to offer myself up for your consideration. We prayed a family Novena to St. Joseph the Worker to listen for “stop”; none came. So it seemed immoral of me, with the rare combination of constitutional expertise and hands-on AI systems work this moment requires, to do what I frankly wanted: live a small life and hang out with my granddaughter. If the people of Delaware found out, they would be mad. So would the nation. And in this election, voters ages eighteen to thirty-five—adult Gen Z and the youngest Millennials, a span including my big kids—have been unique witnesses and are able judges of the last sixteen years. If I hadn’t gone all in, I couldn’t look myself in the mirror. It is a moment when people of virtue have to play Frodo—to do the hard thing because it is the right thing, even when it seems a little dangerous, even as Gandalf winces at the costs. The good news is that I’m not alone: we’re all going to play Cincinnatus.